GRAMMAR - "USED TO"/"WOULD", "BE"/"GET USED TO": USES AND FORMS

1. GRAMMAR: “USED TO” AND “WOULD”

A - USED TO + INFINITIVE: PAST STATES, HABITS AND ACTIONS. SPANISH: “SOLÍA ….”

Affirmative form: 

I used to have pets (Yo solía tener mascotas) / He used to smoke (Él solía fumar) / They used to walk every day (Ellos solían pasear todos los días).

Negative form: DID NOT /DIDN’T USE TO + INFINITIVE

I didn’t use to have pets / He didn’t use to smoke / They didn’t use to walk every day.

Interrogative form: DID + S + USE TO + INFINITIVE? 

Did I use to have pets? / Did he use to smoke? / Did they use to walk every day?

B - WOULD + INFINITIVE: PAST ACTIONS. SPANISH: VERBO PRINCIPAL EN IMPERFECTO DE INDICATIVO.

They would walk every day (Ellos andaban todos los días) / We would go to the beach in the summer (Nosotros íbamos a la playa en verano) / She would sing in a choir (Ella cantaba en un coro).

PAY ATTENTION: "USED TO" and "WOULD" can only be used in the Simple Past Tense. In the Present Simple tense, we use "usually" instead. E.g.: I usually read at night. (Yo suelo leer por la noche). 

2. GRAMMAR: “BE USED TO” AND “GET USED TO”

A – BE USED TO + GERUND: “ESTAR ACOSTUMBRADO A + INFINITIVO”

I’m used to celebrating my birthday every year (Estoy acostumbrado a celebrar mi cumpleaños todos los años) / My brother is used to getting up early (Mi hermano está acostumbrado a madrugar)

B – GET USED TO + GERUND:  “ACOSTUMBRARSE A + INFINITIVO”

I’m getting used to working ten hours a day (Me estoy acostumbrando a trabajar diez horas al día) / We got used to living in cold temperatures (Nos acostumbramos a vivir con bajas temperaturas) / They will soon get used to speaking Italian all the time (Ellos se acostumbrarán pronto a hablar italiano todo el tiempo).

PAY ATTENTION: "BE USED TO" and "GET USED TO" can be used in present, past and future tenses.

GRAMMAR - EXERCISES: PAST SIMPLE AND PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

1. PAST SIMPLE or PRESENT PERFECT? Choose the correct form:  

1. I started / have started my German classes last week.

2. You can go out now. The rain stopped / has stopped.

3. Christopher Columbus discovered / has discovered America in 1492.

4. I met / have met your boyfriend recently.

5. The Industrial Revolution began / has begun in the eighteenth century.

6. We watched / have watched this film before.

7. Your neighbours travelled / have travelled abroad two years ago.

8. I didn’t sleep / haven’t slept well in the last days.

9. Have you seen / Did you see Mary lately?

10. My aunt published / has published a new post on her blog on Saturday.

2. Complete the sentences using the PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE or THE PAST SIMPLE:
1. I __________________________ (study) for my English exam the day before yesterday.

2. __________ you ever _____________________ (eat) exotic food?
3. My parents ______________________ (talk) to my French teacher a lot lately.

4. Nora ___________________________ (write) several poems in the last weeks.

5. I ___________________________ (not read) any romantic novels.
6. John ___________________________ (send) that e-mail some days ago.

7. _____________ they _________________ (visit) their grandma recently?

8. I ______________ never __________________ (go) to  Iceland.

9. My grandfather _________________ (die) in 2012.
10. I __________________________ (hear) from your brother before but I can’t remember when I        _____________________ (hear) about him for the last time.

3. Complete the following biography with the PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE or THE PAST SIMPLE of the verbs in brackets:

   William Bradley "Brad" Pitt ____________ (be) born in Oklahoma on December 18, 1963.   He is   an American actor and film producer. Some people say he is one of the world's  most attractive men. Pitt ____________________________ (receive) two Academy Award nominations and four Golden Globe Award nominations. He  ________________ (be) awarded with 1 Golden Globe Award in 1995 and he ____________________ (win) an Academy Award in 2013.

   Pitt ______________________(begin) his acting career with television guest appearances in the 1980s, which __________________________ (include) a role on the CBS soap opera Dallas in 1987. He  (gain) recognition as the cowboy hitchhiker in the movie Thelma & Louise in 1991. In 1995, he _________________________ (give) critically acclaimed performances in the crime thriller Seven and the science fiction film Twelve Monkeys. He ______________________________ (have) his biggest commercial successes with Troy and Mr. & Mrs. Smith. Pitt ______________________(receive) his second Academy Award nomination for his performance in the title role in the 2008 film The Curious Case of Benjamin Button.

   Pitt _____________ (be) married to actress Jennifer Aniston from 2002 to 20007. However, they _____________________ (divorce) in 2008, because he __________________ (fall) in love with the actress Angelina Jolie. He _____________________ (live)with her for 5 years now. This relationship ________________always _______________________ (attract) worldwide media attention. Since beginning his relationship with Jolie, Pitt  _________________________________ (become) increasingly involved in social issues, both in the United States and internationally. 

Because of his social concerns and his professional career, most people  considers him to be an admirable celebrity.

4.  Write a BIOGRAPHY about a famous person you admire, following the model above (approximately 100 words).

GRAMMAR - PRACTICE: PASSIVE VOICE EXERCISES

1. Complete the sentences. Use the Present Passive:

1.  Houses _____________________________ (make) of bricks and wood.

2. Millions of computers _____________________ (sell) each day.

3. Eiffel Tower in Paris ________________________ (visit) by thousands of people every day.

4. The old printers ______________________ (not use) much.

5. The fax machine ______________________ (connect) to the computer by a green cable.

2. Transform these sentences into Past Passive:

1. Engineers didn’t use computers in the past.

_________________________________________________________________________

2.  They built this house in 1945.

_________________________________________________________________________

3.  Those workers assembled cars in that factory before the boss fired them.

_________________________________________________________________________

4.  That company manufactured cars in the 1980s.

_________________________________________________________________________

5.  That employer trained new employees four years ago.

_________________________________________________________________________

GRAMMAR - THEORY: PASSIVE VOICE

1. USE

We use the passive voice when we are interested in the OBJECT / PROCESS, not the performer.

We place “by + performer” at the end of a passive voice sentence if we want to include in the passive voice sentence the subject of the active sentence.

Examples: 

“Somebody stole my bike” → “My bike was stolen”.  
“Tom stole my bike” → “My bike was stolen by Tom”.  

2. FORM: TO BE + PAST PARTICIPLE (-ED/3^rd COLUMN, IRREGULAR VERBS)

THE OBJECT of the active voice sentence becomes the SUBJECT in the passive voice sentence.

Examples:

Active	Mary	buys	a car.	SIMPLE PRESENT
Passive:	A car	is bought	by Mary.

Active:	Mary	bought	a car.	SIMPLE PAST
Passive:	A car	was bought	by Mary.

Active:	Mary	has bought	a car.	PRESENT PERFECT
Passive:	A car	has been bought	by Mary.

Active:	Mary	will buy	a car.	WILL-FUTURE
Passive:	A car	will be bought	by Mary.

Active:	Mary	can buy	a car.	MODALS
Passive:	A car	can be bought	by Mary.

3. PASSIVE VOICE SENTENCES WITH TWO OBJECTS

The INDIRECT OBJECT of the active voice sentence can become the SUBJECT in the passive voice sentence.

I- If the active voice follows the order “Subject + Verb + Direct Object + to Indirect Object” → Omit “to”:

“Helen offered a job to my brother Jim” 

becomes 

“My brother Jim was offered a job by Helen”

“Dan will give a present to Jane” 

becomes 

“Jane will be given a present by Dan”

II- If the indirect object of the active sentence is an object pronoun → Transform it into a subject pronoun:

“Mary offered a job to him” becomes “He was offered a job by Mary”

“Dan will give a present to her” becomes “She will be given a present by Dan”

GRAMMAR - RELATIVE CLAUSES

RELATIVE PRONOUN	USE	EXAMPLE
WHO	Subject or object pronoun for people.	I told you about the man who works in my office.
WHICH	Subject or object pronoun for animals, and things.	Do you see the dog which is sleeping on the floor?
WHOSE	Possession for people animals and things.	Do you know the girl whose uncle is a lawyer?
WHOM	Object pronoun for people.	I was asked out by the boy whom I met at the party.
THAT WHEN WHERE	Subject or object pronoun for people, animals and things in defining relative clauses (who or which are also possible, but that is more informal). To refer to time. / That is also possible. Location of people animals and things.	I love the clock that hangs on this wall. The year when/that we first met was 1999. That is the University where I did my degree.

1. DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES Level: lower intermediate

- Defining relative clauses give detailed information defining someone or something. Defining relative clauses are never put in commas.

- Situation: Mary is in a room with three boys. One boy is talking to Mary and you ask somebody whether she knows that boy. This relative clause defines or identifies which of the three boys you mean. 

Do you know the boy who is talking to Mary? 

- Defining relative clauses are used in definitions: A singer is someone who sings.

- Object pronouns (WHO, WHICH) in defining relative clauses can be substituted by THAT. WHEN can be omitted and substituted by THAT; WHERE is seldom omitted: The man who/that opened the door is my neighbour. The student (who/whom) we met last week is extremely friendly.

- When the verbs in the main clause and the relative clause have a different subject, WHO/WHICH/THAT can be omitted: She is the woman to whom you talked. (FORMAL)   She is the woman (who) you talked to. (INFORMAL)

 2. NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

- Non-defining relative clauses give additional information on something, but do not define it. Non-defining relative clauses are always put in commas.

- Situation: Mary is in a room with only one boy. The two are talking to each other and you ask somebody whether she knows this boy. This relative clause is non-defining because in this situation it is evident which boy you mean. 

Do you know the boy, who is talking to Mary?

-  In non-defining relative clauses, WHO/WHICH cannot be replaced with THAT (that is never used in these clauses): That man, who (that) opened the door, is my neighbour.

- Object pronouns in non-defining relative clauses cannot be omitted: Joe, who/whom we saw yesterday, is nice.

GRAMMAR - CONTRAST OF VERB TENSES II

I. PRESENT PERFECT

AFFIRMATIVE:  S+ have/has + Past Participle	NEGATIVE:  S + haven't/hasn't + Past Participle
I have seen  / I’ve  seen	I have not seen / I haven’t seen
You have seen  / You‘ve seen	You have not seen / You haven’t seen
He /She /It has seen – He’s / She’s / It’s seen	He /She /It has not seen – He / She / it hasn’t seen
We have seen  / We‘ve seen	We have not seen / We haven’t seen
You have seen / You’ve seen	You have not seen / You haven’t seen
They have seen / They‘ve seen	They have not seen / They haven’t seen

INTERROGATIVE:  Have/Has + S + Past Participle?

Have I seen?

Have you seen?

Has he /she /it seen?

Have we seen?

Have you seen?

Have they seen?

SHORT ANSWERS

Yes, subject pronoun + have / has.

No, subject pronoun + haven’t / hasn’t.

1. THE PRESENT PERFECT DESCRIBES THE INDEFINITE PAST:

I’ve seen this film before. You have worked hard lately. They've met my parents recently.

The past is indefinite because the time it happened is not important or unknown.

PAST SIMPLE → DEFINITE TIME. TIME EXPRESSIONS: last ..., yesterday, ago, in + year/decade/century:

I saw Mike last month. You met Jennifer two weeks ago. He watched TV yesterday.

PRESENT PERFECT →  INDEFINITE TIME. TIME EXPRESSIONS: so far, over the years, lately, recently, in the last ...

I’ve seen Mike in the last months. You’ve met Jennifer recently. He’s watched TV lately.

2. THE PRESENT PERFECT DESCRIBES PERSONAL EXPERIENCE:

I've been to Manchester. She's written three books so far. They have always travelled a lot over the years.

3. ACTIONS BEGINNING IN THE PAST AND CONTINUING UP TO NOW:

I've lived here for several years. He’s always played tennis. You’ve visited me since 1990.

4. ACTIONS IN THE PAST WHICH HAVE CONSEQUENCES IN THE PRESENT TIME:

I’ve lost my keys and I can’t open the door! She has had the flu and she feels weak now.

PRESENT PERFECT PARTICLES

- EVER (“ALGUNA VEZ”) - QUESTIONS. After the subject: Have you (ever) travelled by plane? 

It is also used in AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES for emphasis:

(I) Superlative adjective..... have/has + ever + Past Participle:

It is the best song he has ever composed. 

(II) "It's/This is the first time... have/has + ever + Past Participle:

This is the first time I have ever been to the United States.

(III) Nobody /Nothing has + ever + Past Participle:

Nobody has ever spoken to me so rudely. Nothing like that has ever happened in my city.

- NEVER ("NUNCA") - AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES (negative meaning). Between the auxiliary verb and the past participle

I have never eaten snails.

- JUST ("ACABAR DE") - AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES. Between the auxiliary verb and the past participle: She has just written the email.

- ALREADY (“YA”) - AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES. Between the auxiliary verb and the past participle: We have already read that novel.

- YET (“YA”, “TODAVÍA”): NEGATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES. At the end of the sentence: Have you bought the book yet? No, I haven’t bought it yet. NEGATIVES: YET = STILL (after the subject). I still haven’t bought it.

DURATION -  FOR (“DURANTE”), SINCE (“DESDE”): At the end of the sentence.

- FOR + period of time: I’ve worked here for two years / He’s lived in NY for a long time.

- SINCE + starting point: I’ve worked here since 2010 / He’s lived here since he left college.

II. PAST PERFECT

AFFIRMATIVE:  S + had+ Past Participle	NEGATIVE:  S + had not (hadn't) + Past Participle
I had seen  / I’d  seen	I had not seen / I hadn’t seen
You had seen  / You‘d seen	You had not seen / You hadn’t seen
He /She /It had seen – He’d / She’d / It’d seen	He /She /It had not seen – He / She / it hadn’t seen
We had seen  / We‘d seen	We had not seen / We hadn’t seen
You had seen / You’d seen	You had not seen / You hadn’t seen
They had seen / They‘d seen	They had not seen / They hadn’t seen

INTERROGATIVE:  Had + S + Past Participle?

Had I seen?

Had you seen?

Had he /she /it seen?

Had we seen?

Had you seen?

Had they seen?

SHORT ANSWERS

Yes, subject pronoun + had.

No, subject pronoun + hadn't.

1.  IT DESCRIBES AN ACTION THAT HAPPENED BEFORE ANOTHER ACTION IN THE PAST.

Before the police arrived, the robber had left the bank.// After I had turned off the computer, I went to bed.

EARLIER ACTION (PAST PERFECT) + LATER ACTION (PAST SIMPLE)

2. TIME EXPRESSIONS:  

BEFORE / BY (THE TIME) / WHEN / UNTIL + Past Simple
AFTER / AS SOON AS + Past perfect
ATTENTION: BECAUSE + Past Perfect - I apologized to Jane on Tuesday because I had been rude to her on Monday.