GRAMMAR - ADVERBS OF MANNER

USE: 

Adverbs of manner describe how actions happen or how things are done. But:

BE, BECOME, FEEL, GET, LOOK and SEEM are used with adjectives, not adverbs.

POSITION:

- We put adverbs of manner after the verb when there is no object: She runs rapidly.

 - We put them after the verb + object: Miguel speaks English perfectly.

- With verbs of movement we put them after adverbial phrases of place: I go home early.

- In questions, we put them at the end of the sentence: Doesn’t she play the piano beautifully?

FORMATION:

In general, we form adverbs of manner by adding –ly to the adjective: slow → slowly.

Adjectives ending in consonant + y, change y to i+-ly: happy → happily.

Adjectives ending in –e don’t omit it: brave → bravely. Except: true →truly, due → duly.

Adjectives ending in –able /-ible change the –e to –y: probable → probably.

IRREGULAR ADVERBS: fast → fast, far → far, hard → hard, high → high, late → late, good → well.

Nora drives fast. We travelled far. They work hard. The athlete jumped high. She never comes late. 

Attention! Adjective "good": My friend is a good football player. → Adverb "well": My friend plays football well.

COMPARISON OF ADVERBS:

- Adverbs ending in -ly form the comparative of superiority with MORE and the superlative of superiority with MOST:

slowly → more slowly →  most slowly

happily → more happily → most happily

carefully → more carefully → most carefully

- One-syllable adverbs form the comparative of superiority adding -ER and the superlative of superiority adding -EST:

fast→ faster →  fastest

late→  later → latest

hard→ harder → hardest

high → higher → highest

- Some adverbs form the comparative and superlative forms of superiority irregularly:

badly → worse →  worst

well →  better → best

far → farther /further→ farthest/furthest

- All the adverbs form the comparative of inferiority with LESS and the superlative of inferiority with LEAST:

slowly → less slowly →  least slowly

happily → less happily → least happily

carefully → less carefully → least carefully

fast → less fast →  least fast

- All the adverbs form the comparative of equality using AS... AS

late →  as late as 

badly → as badly as

SPEAKING SKILL - DESCRIBE THE PICTURES USING THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Picture 1

WHAT ARE THESE PEOPLE DOING? 

Use the Present Continuous form of the following verbs to describe their actions:

water the plants- read the newspaper - look at his dad - play with their dolls - swim in the water - listen to the radio - sleep - drink a cup of tea - clean the windows - climb the tree - sing

Example: Paul is watering the plants.

Picture 2

WHAT ARE THESE PEOPLE DOING? 

Use the Present Continuous form of the following verbs to describe their actions:

listen to music - lick an ice cream - talk to Bob - kick a ball - catch a ball - play beach paddle - cry - have lunch - read - inflate a plastic elephant - eat fruit - buy ice creams

Example: Lucy is listening to music.

GRAMMAR - PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE: FORMATION AND USES

AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES	NEGATIVE SENTENCES	QUESTIONS
I WAS + V-ing* You WERE + V-ing He WAS + V-ing She WAS + V-ing It WAS + V-ing We WERE + V-ing You WERE + V-ing They WERE + V-ing	I WASN’T + V-ing You WEREN’T + V-ing He WASN’T + V-ing She WASN’T + V-ing It WASN’T + V-ing We WEREN’T + V-ing You WEREN’T + V-ing They WEREN’T + V-ing	WAS I + V-ing? WERE you + V-ing? WAS he + V-ing? WAS she + V-ing? WAS it + V-ing? WERE we + V-ing? WERE you + V-ing? WERE they + V-ing?

* SPELLING RULES:  

-       General rule: Add –ing at the end of the verb.  Do → doing, watch → watching, open → opening,  play → playing.

-       Verbs ending in mute -e: Omit –e before adding –ing. Make → making, write → writing, take → taking.

-       Monosyllabic verbs ending consonant + vowel + consonant: Repeat last consonant + –ing.  Run → running, sit → sitting.

-       Bisyllabic verbs with final stress: Repeat last consonant + -ing . Begin → Beginning. BUT: travelling.

1. USES:

- Long actions which were in progress when a short action happened.

-  Actions which were in progress at a concrete moment in the past.

- Various actions which happened simultaneously in the past.

2. TIME EXPRESSIONS:

- while + time clause (in the past)

- as + time clause (in the past)

- yesterday morning / afternoon / evening

- at + hour (past time)

- all day (yesterday)

3. CONTRAST PAST SIMPLE /PAST CONTINUOUS:

Temporal expressions for PAST SIMPLE (completed actions): Yesterday, last week/night…,

Temporal expressions for PAST CONTINUOUS (actions in progress at a concrete moment): at + hour, yesterday + moment of the day, all + moment of the day...

WHEN (“cuando”) + PAST SIMPLE (acción corta): When I called Mike, he was having a shower. / I was sleeping when I heard a terrible noise.

WHILE / AS (“mientras”) + PAST CONTINUOUS (acción larga o en progreso): While / As he was driving, he had an accident. 

WRITING SKILL - A BIOGRAPHY

- Complete the following biography with the PAST SIMPLE or the PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE forms of the verbs in brackets:

William Bradley "Brad" Pitt ____________ (be) born in Oklahoma on December 18, 1963.   He is an American actor and film producer. Some people say he is one of the world's  most attractive men. Pitt ____________________________ (receive) two Academy Award nominations and four Golden Globe Award nominations. He  ________________ (be) awarded with one Golden Globe Award in 1995 and he ____________________ (win) an Academy Award in 2013.

Pitt ______________________ (begin) his acting career with television guest appearances in the 1980s, which __________________________ (include) a role on the CBS soap opera Dallas in 1987. He _____________________  (gain) recognition as the cowboy hitchhiker in the movie Thelma & Louise in 1991. In 1995, he _________________________ (give) critically acclaimed performances in the crime thriller Seven and the science fiction film Twelve Monkeys. He ______________________________ (have) his biggest commercial successes with Troy and Mr. & Mrs. Smith. Pitt ______________________ (receive) his second Academy Award nomination for his performance in the title role in the 2008 film The Curious Case of Benjamin Button.

Pitt _____________ (be) married twice. His love relationships ________________ always _______________________ (attract) worldwide media attention. Pitt  _________________________________ (become) increasingly involved in social issues, both in the United States and internationally. 

Because of his social concerns and his professional career, most people consider him to be an admirable celebrity.

-  Write a BIOGRAPHY about a famous person you admire, following the model above (approximately 100 words).

GRAMMAR - FUTURE TENSES CHART

FUTURE TENSES	USES	AFFIRMATIVE FORM	NEGATIVE FORM	INTERROGATIVE FORM
SIMPLE FUTURE: WILL	a) Predictions. b) Spontaneous decisions. c) Distant future. - In + year, in a few years, in the future. - I think (know, suppose, imagine, expect) / I am sure (positive, certain, afraid) / I promise ... - Maybe, perhaps, probably	S + WILL + V + Cs. - I think it will rain. - I’ll lay the table. - He will study Law in 2030.	S + WILL NOT (WON’T) + V + Cs. - I think it won't rain. - I won't lay the table. -He won’t study Law in 2030.	WILL + S + V + Cs? - Will he study Law in 2030?
BE GOING TO	a) Planned action for the future, intentions. b) Predictions based on evidence / something about to happen (evidence). - Next week/month/year, in + month / in a few days / weeks... - I (have) plan(ned), I have decided ...	S + BE + GOING TO + V + Cs. - I am going to study in Liverpool next year. - Look at these clouds! It's going to rain. - My sister is going to have a baby in three months.	S + BE + NOT + GOING TO + V + Cs. - I am not going to study in Liverpool next year. - She is so lazy! She isn’t going to pass the exams.	BE + S + GOING TO + V + Cs? - Am I going to study in Liverpool next year? - Are you going to give up smoking after Christmas?
P.CONTINUOUS (future meaning): BE + V-ING	- Future arrangements. → ALWAYS add a temporal expression: tonight, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, on + day of the week, this week(end) / month....	S + BE + V-ing + Cs + time expression. - She's having dinner with Joe tonight.	S + BE + NOT + V-ing + Cs + time expression. - She isn't having dinner with Joe tonight.	BE + S + V-ing + Cs + time expression? - Is she having dinner with Joe tonight?
FUTURE CONTINUOUS:  WILL BE + V –ING	- Action IN PROGRESS at a certain future time. - (At) this time, next X between (time) and (time), in the next decades, for the next weeks, during...	S + WILL BE + V-ing + Cs. - You’ll be working at this time tomorrow.	S + WILL NOT / WON’T BE + V-ing + Cs. - You won’t be working at this time tomorrow.	WILL + S + BE + V-ing + Cs? - Will you be working at this time tomorrow?
FUTURE PERFECT: WILL HAVE + V-ED/3rd column	- The action is COMPLETED  at a certain future time. - By this time, by the end of..., in two years,...	S + WILL HAVE + -ED/3rd column  - You’ll have finished by ten o’clock.	S + WON’T HAVE + -ED/3rd column - You won’t have finished by 10 o’clock.	WILL +S + HAVE + ED/3rd column? - Will you have finished by 10 o’clock?