GRAMMAR - CONTRAST OF VERB TENSES I

PRESENT SIMPLE: FORM	PRESENT CONTINUOUS: FORM
I / we / you / they speak he / she / it speaks I / we / you / they do not ( don’t) speak he / she / it does not (doesn’t) speak Do I / we / you / they speak? Does he / she / it speak?	I am speaking he / she / it is speaking We / you / they are speaking I am not (‘m not) speaking he / she / it is not (isn’t) speaking We / you / they are not (aren’t) speaking Am I speaking? Is he / she / it speaking? Are we / you / they are speaking?
EXCEPTIONS WHEN ADDING ‘S’                                    EXCEPTIONS WHEN ADDING ‘ING’
After o, ch, sh or s, add es. Example: do - he does, wash - she washes After a consonant, the final consonant y becomes ie. (but: not after a vowel) Example: worry - he worries but: play - he plays	Silent e is dropped. (but: does not apply for -ee) Example: come - coming but: agree - agreeing After a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled.  Example: sit - sitting After a vowel, the final consonant l is doubled in British English (but not in American English). Example: travel - travelling (British English) but: traveling (American English) Final ie becomes y. Example: lie - lying

USE	USE
- Habits and permanent situations - General or scientific facts - Timetables and programmes. - Stative verbs: Emotions and feelings: LOVE, LIKE, DISLIKE, HATE, HOPE, PREFER, WANT Thought and opinion: THINK, BELIEVE, FORGET, KNOW, REMEMBER, UNDERSTAND, (DIS)AGREE, MEAN, RECOGNISE, REALISE, SEEM, SUPPOSE Perception and senses: SEE, HEAR, FEEL, SMELL, TASTE, SOUND, TOUCH Possession: HAVE, OWN, BELONG Prices and measures: COST, MEASURE, WEIGH	- Actions at the moment of speaking - Progressive actions in an extended present - Temporary actions - A definite plan for a near future - Special cases: A stative verb which indicates action: “What are you thinking?” (It indicates activity, not state) With “ALWAYS” to complain about something: “You’re always leaving the door open!”
TIME EXPRESSIONS	TIME EXPRESSIONS
- Adverbs of frequency (after the main verb but before “to be”): Always/usually/often/sometimes/ occasionally/ seldom/rarely/ never - Time expressions (at the beginning or end of the sentence): every day / week / month / year once a day / week / month / year twice a day / week / month / year 3 times a day / week / month / year on + days of the week in the plural in the morning/afternoon/evening at night, at two o’clock How often …?	-now / right now / at the moment - today / tonight / tomorrow - this morning / week / month / year - these weeks /months / days -next day / week / year / Saturday - at present, nowadays, currently

PAST SIMPLE: FORM	PAST CONTINUOUS: FORM
Affirmative: Irregular verbs: 2nd column of irregular verbs (I spoke) Regular verbs: verb + ed (I talked) Negative: didn’t + infinitive Interrogative: Did + subject + infinitive?	I / he / she / it was + V-ing We / you / they were + V-ing  I / he / she / it was not (wasn’t) + V-ing We / you / they were not (weren’t) + V-ing Was I / he / she / it + V-ing? Were we / you / they + V-ing?
EXCEPTIONS WHEN ADDING 'ED' : when the final letter is e, only add d. Example: love - loved after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled. Example: admit - admitted final l is always doubled in British English (not in American English) Example: travel - travelled after a consonant, final y becomes i. (but: not after a vowel). Example: worry - he worried but: play - he played	EXCEPTIONS WHEN ADDING 'ING' : silent e is dropped (but: does not apply for -ee) Example: come - coming but: agree - agreeing after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled. Example: sit - sitting final l is always doubled in British English (not in American English) Example: travel - travelling final ie becomes y. Example: lie - lying

USE	USE
- Completed actions in the past. - Actions that took place at a specific time in the past (i.e. description of a past event). - Consecutive actions in the past (i.e. the main events in a story).	- Long actions which were in progress when a short action happened. -  Actions which were in progress at a concrete moment in the past. - Various actions which happened simultaneously in the past
TIME EXPRESSIONS	TIME EXPRESSIONS
- ago - yesterday, the day before yesterday - last day / week / month / year -in + year (in the past) - then - when + time clause (in the past)	- while + time clause (in the past) - as + time clause (in the past) - yesterday morning / afternoon / evening - at + hour (past time) - all day (yesterday)