Showing posts with label GERUNDS. Show all posts
Showing posts with label GERUNDS. Show all posts

Wednesday, 12 April 2017

GRAMMAR - GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

I. VERBOS SEGUIDOS DE GERUNDIO O INFINITIVO CON CAMBIO DE SIGNIFICADO

Hay verbos cuyo significado varía según vayan seguidos de gerundio o de "to" + infinitivo:

1. STOP ≠ GO ON
A- I stopped to read a book.
B- I stopped reading books.

A- After discussing the company’s annual revenues, the CEO went on to talk about our sales figures.
B- We can’t go on living on one income.

A. Indica el inicio de una nueva actividad.

B. Indica que se interrumpe (“STOP”) o continúa (“GO ON”) la actividad que se está haciendo.


2. TRY
- I tried to lift the box but it was too heavy.
Se intenta algo difícil que requiere esfuerzo.

- Why don’t you try closing the window if the traffic is too noisy?
Se intenta un experimento, test o prueba para ver si funciona.


3. LIKE/LOVE/HATE/PREFER
- I hate to tell you, but your friend Paul is coming home this weekend.
Odio esta situación o momento en particular.

- I like getting up early.
Me gusta realizar la actividad en general.

Atención: Would like/love/hate/prefer" to + infinitivo.

Nota: Cuando el sujeto del gerundio es distinto al de la oración principal, lo indicamos  un pronombre personal objeto / sustantivo (opción favorita de los hablantes nativos) o con un adjetivo de posesión (forma preferida por las gramáticas tradicionales).

I like my children getting up early. I like them getting early. I like their getting up early.


4. NEED

- I need to work harder.
Tengo la obligación de hacer algo.

- This room needs painting.
Hay necesidad hacerlo (en voz pasiva)


5. REMEMBER ≠ FORGET
A. Remember to buy milk on your way home.
B. I remember kissing my first girlfriend.

A. I forgot to phone Dad on his birthday.
B. I’ll never forget seeing my wife for the first time.


A. Se refiere a recordar (“REMEMBER”) u olvidar (“FORGET”) cosas que tienes o tenías que hacer.
B. Se refiere a recordar (“REMEMBER”) u olvidar (“FORGET”) cosas que ocurrieron en el pasado.

6. REGRET
- We regret to inform you that your application for a loan of 5000 Euros has not been accepted.
Se utiliza para comunicar malas noticias.

- Do you regret leaving school early and not going to university?
Lamentar cosas que se hicieron en el pasado.

7. MEAN
- I didn’t mean to hurt you. (= "INTEND")
- Her new job will mean travelling abroad.
(= "MAKE SOMETHING NECESSARY")


II. VERBOS SEGUIDOS DE GERUNDIO O INFINITIVO SIN CAMBIO DE SIGNIFICADO 

Algunos verbos pueden llevar detrás tanto gerundio como "to" + infinitivo sin que su significado cambie:

Advise, allow, begin, can't bear, cease, continue, permit, recommend, start.

Atención - Con advise, allow, permit y recommend:

- Utiliza el infinitivo si llevan complemento directo: I recommended her to travel.

- Emplea el gerundio si no lo llevan: I recommended travelling.


III. USOS DEL GERUNDIO E INFINITIVO

 

USOS DEL GERUNDIO:

1. Después de las preposiciones.

She left without kissing me.

 We’re thinking of going to Italy.

 

2. Después de los verbos que expresan gustos u opiniones:

 

can’t stand – enjoy – dislike – don’t/wouldn’t mind – hate – like – love – prefer – fancy - detest

I enjoy eating out.

Do you mind giving me your address?

 

3. Como el sujeto de una oración cuando se habla de hechos o acciones en general.

Smoking is bad for you.

Skiing is expensive.

He considered attending the lecture.

She gave up smoking a long time ago.

4. Gerundio como objecto directo:

 

admit, advise, avoid, complete, consider, discuss, finish, give up, imagine.

 

4. Con el verbo go para referirse a deportes y otras actividades.

 

 

Go climbing / dancing / fishing / shopping / swimming

 

5. Después de algunas formas verbales:

 

Be/get used to, can’t help, feel like

 

 

USOS DE  “TO” + INFINITIVO:

1. “INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE”:

PARA + INFINITIVO

FORMA NEGATIVA: NOT TO

Why did you stop working? To spend more time with my children.

 

 

I hope not to arrive late.

 

- Los verbos más frecuentes que solemos encontrar con “to” + infinitivo son:

 
AFFORD, AGREE, APPEAR, ARRANGE, ASK, ATTEMPT, BEG, CHOOSE,

DARE, DECIDE, DEMAND, DESERVE, EXPECT, FAIL, HESITATE, HOPE,

INTEND, LEARN, MANAGE, OFFER, PREPARE, PRETEND, PROMISE,

REFUSE, SEEM, THREATEN, WAIT, WANT, WISH.

 

- Estos verbos pueden llevar tanto verbo + “to”+ infinitivo como verbo + objeto

Indirecto + “to” + infinitivo:

 

ASK, BEG, EXPECT, HELP, MEAN, WANT, WOULD LIKE/LOVE/HATE/PREFER.

 

- Usamos “to” + infinitivo detrás del objeto indirecto de ciertos verbos:

 

ENABLE, FORCE, INVITE, ORDER, PERSUADE, REMIND, TEACH, TELL, WARN

2.  Detrás de sustantivos, adjetivos y adverbios.

I’d the privilege to work for him.

I was happy to see you

It’s too late to go out.

 

3. Sujeto de hechos concretos.

To give up your studies would be a mistake.

 


USOS DEL INFINITIVO SIN “TO:

1. Detrás de los verbos modales, have to, be going to (I must / have to) go. I am going to play.

2. Detrás de make, let, would rather (preferir) y verbos de percepción (hear, feel, see) : He made me do it. I would rather study than go to the cinema. I heard  him play.