GRAMMAR - DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS

SINGULAR		PLURAL
Near from the speaker	THIS ESTE, ESTA	Near the speaker	THESE ESTOS, ESTAS
Far from the speaker	THAT ESE, ESA, AQUEL, AQUELLA	Far from the speaker	THOSE ESOS, ESAS, AQUELLOS, AQUELLAS

GRAMMAR - GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

Algunos verbos (start, begin, propose, intend, forbid) pueden llevar detrás tanto gerundio como "to" + infinitivo sin que su significado cambie.

Sin embargo, hay otros verbos cuyo significado varía según vayan seguidos de gerundio o de "to" + infinitivo:

1. STOP ≠ GO ON

A- I stopped to read a book.

B- I stopped reading books.

A- After discussing the company’s annual revenues, the CEO went on to talk about our sales figures.
B- We can’t go on living on one income.

A. Indica el inicio de una nueva actividad.
B. Indica que se interrumpe (“STOP”) o continúa (“GO ON”) la actividad que se está haciendo.


2. TRY

- I tried to lift the box but it was too heavy.
Se intenta algo difícil que requiere esfuerzo.

- Why don’t you try closing the window if the traffic is too noisy?
Se intenta un experimento, test o prueba para ver si funciona.


3. LIKE/LOVE/HATE/PREFER

- I hate to tell you, but your friend Paul is coming home this weekend.
Odio esta situación o momento en particular.

- I like getting up at 6am.
Me gusta realizar la actividad en general.

Pero: !Would like/love/hate/prefer" to + infinitivo.

4. NEED
- I need to work harder.
Tengo la obligación de hacer algo.

- This room needs painting.
Hay necesidad hacerlo (en voz pasiva)


5. REMEMBER ≠ FORGET

A. Remember to buy milk on your way home.
B. I remember kissing my first girlfriend.

A. I forgot to phone Dad on his birthday.
B. I’ll never forget seeing my wife for the first time.

A. Se refiere a recordar (“REMEMBER”) u olvidar (“FORGET”) cosas que tienes o tenías que hacer.
B. Se refiere a recordar (“REMEMBER”) u olvidar (“FORGET”) cosas que ocurrieron en el pasado.

6. REGRET

- We regret to inform you that your application for a loan of 5000 Euros has not been accepted.
Se utiliza para comunicar malas noticias.

- Do you regret leaving school early and not going to university?
Lamentar cosas que se hicieron en el pasado.

7. MEAN
- I didn’t mean to hurt you. (= "INTEND")
- Her new job will mean travelling abroad. (= "MAKE SOMETHING NECESSARY")

GRAMMAR - ENGLISH VERB TENSE REVIEW

1. PRESENT SIMPLE – PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Present Simple: 
Adverbs or expressions of frequency, days of the week.

STATIVE VERBS - CATEGORIES: 1. Emotions and feelings: LOVE, LIKE, DISLIKE, HATE, HOPE, PREFER, WANT. 2. Thought and opinion: THINK, BELIEVE, FORGET, KNOW, REMEMBER, UNDERSTAND, (DIS)AGREE, MEAN, RECOGNISE, REALISE, SEEM, SUPPOSE. 3. Perception and senses: SEE, HEAR, FEEL, SMELL, TASTE, SOUND, TOUCH. 4. Possession: HAVE, OWN, BELONG. 5. Prices and measures: COST, MEASURE, WEIGH

Present Continuous: now, right now, at the moment // this … these + time expression (this week, these days)// nowadays, currently, at present // next …, today, tonight, tomorrow (Present Continuous with future meaning)// With expressions like Look!, Listen!

2. PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE (have – has + v-ed/ 3^rd column) – PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS (have – has been + v-ing)

P.P. Simple: 

- To talk about quantity: “How much?/How many?”

Example: I have attended 5 yoga classes.

- We also use the Present Perfect Simple with "stative verbs", “be” and “have”. 

Example: I have been to London very often.

- When we indicate the result of something. 

Example: As a result, I have studied English.

P.P. Continuous: Emphasis on time: “How long?”.

- Particles to measure time: “For”, “Since”  

Example: I have been living here for five years.

- Repetitive actions: Focus on continuity.

Example: I have been going to clases since I left college (focus on time not number of classes).

What has been here stated can also be applied to the contrast between the PAST PERFECT SIMPLE (HAD / HADN’T + V-ED/3RD COLUMN) and the PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS (HAD/HADN’T BEEN + V-ING).

3. PAST SIMPLE – PAST CONTINUOUS

Contrast in a sentence:

When + Simple Past, Past Continuous: When Mary came in, I was watching TV.

While / As + Past Continuous, Past Simple: As/While he was driving, he suddenly saw a car crash.

Two actions expressed in the Simple Past: (acciones concatenadas). I watched TV and then I went  to bed.

Two actions expressed in the Past Continuous: (acciones simultáneas): While I was cooking, he was watching TV. It was so unfair!.

Past Simple (one simple clause):

Yesterday, last night, ago, past years / decades (e.g.: in the 80s) / centuries (e.g.: in the 19^th century).

Past Continuous (one simple clause):

Yesterday/last ….. at + hour // all day yesterday


4. PAST PERFECT (former action) - PAST SIMPLE (latter action)

Contrast in a sentence:

- Past Perfect/ Past Simple:

After + Past Perfect: After I had written the e-mail, I turned off the computer.

“I regretted / was sorry that” + Past Perfect: I regretted / was sorry that I had been rude to him.

……. because + Past Perfect: I apologized because I had been rude to him.

- Past Simple/ Past Perfect:

Before / By the time + Past Simple: Before I turned off the computer, I had written the e-mail.

……….until + Past Simple: I hadn’t spoken in English until I went to England.

Time expressions:

Before / By (the time) / When / Until + Past Simple.

After / As soon as + Past Perfect.

5. PAST SIMPLE OR PRESENT PERFECT?

Past Simple (one simple clause): Definite time in the past.

Yesterday, last …, ……ago, in + past year/century.

Present Perfect (one simple clause): Indefinite time in the past. Actions beginning in the past and continuing up to now, repetitive actions, personal experience. 

Time expressions:

So far, over the years, lately, recently, in the last…, before.

Ever, just, already (affirmative), yet (negative, interrogative) / For, since.

6. FUTURE TENSES

Future Simple (will): Predictions (no evidence), far in time (+ one year), spontaneous decisions.

Examples: I hope – I suppose – I think – I promise – I imagine - I am sure/certain that…

Future “be going to”: Predictions (evidence), ± within a year, planned actions / intentions.

Examples: I’ve decided / planned…

Future perfect: Will have + V-ed/ 3^rd column. A COMPLETED action at a certain future time. 

By this time, by the end, in two years,...

Future continuous: Will be +V-ing. Action IN PROGRESS at a certain future time. 

(At) this time …, in the next decades, for the next weeks, Next X (day) between (time) and (time)…

PRACTICE - ENGLISH VERB TENSE REVIEW

 1. USE THE PRESENT SIMPLE OR THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS:   

1.  The assistant is speaking too quick. I ______________________ (not understand) him.

2.  I can’t carry this suitcase. It __________________ (weigh) too much.

3.  ___________ your parents’ house ____________________ (belong) to you now?

4.  Look! Michelle ________________________ (wear) a really beautiful dress.

5.  At the moment this house _____________ (cost) too much. I can't afford to buy it.

6.  Look! Michelle ________________________ (wear) a really beautiful dress.

2. USE THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE OR PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS:

1.  She _______________ always ____________________________ (play) tennis.

2.  I ________________________________ (work) since I left college.

3.  They _______________________________ (attend) four business meetings.

4.  How long ________________ you _______________________________ (swim)?

5. As a result of her success, she ___________________________ (write) an autobiography. 

6. How much ice cream ______________ you ______________ (eat)?

3. COMPLETE THE SENTENCES, USING THE PAST SIMPLE, THE PAST CONTINUOUS OR THE PAST PERFECT OF THE VERBS IN BRACKETS:  

1. After Janet __________________________ (finish) her homework, she __________________________ (go) out with her friends.

2. As the students ___________________________ (chat), the teacher _____________________ (enter) the classroom.

3. By the time we ____________________________ (arrive) at the airport, the plane _____________________________ (leave).

4. Jane ___________________________ (not catch) a tram until she _______________________ (travel) to Cologne.

5. I__________________________________ (sit) on the sofa when a sudden noise ______________________________ (wake) me up.

6. I ______________________ (be) sorry that I __________________________ (speak) to her so rudely.

4. COMPLETE THE SENTENCES, USING THE FUTURE SIMPLE, "BE GOING TO", FUTURE PERFECT OR FUTURE CONTINUOUS OF THE VERBS IN BRACKETS:  

1.  Sam drives too fast. He _____________________________ (cause) an accident one of these days!

2.  At this time next week, I ______________________________ (sunbathe) in Hawaii.

3.  Is that book only 3 euros? I _________________________ (buy) it!

4.  By the end of June, the students ____________________________ (finish) the exams. 

5.  I am sure that you ______________________________ (succeed) in your new career.
6.  It _________________________________  (rain) in London for the next weeks, so take your umbrella. 

GRAMMAR - IMPERATIVE

- USE: To give orders, instructions, directions, warnings or advice.

            

            To make requests, adding “please”.

- FORM: 

Affirmative sentences INFINITIVE	Negative sentences DON’T / DO NOT + INFINITIVE
OPEN your books.	DON'T OPEN your books.
INSERT your flash drive into the USB port on your computer.	DON'T INSERT your flash drive into the USB port on your computer.
TURN right.	DON’T TURN right.
BE careful.	DON’T BE noisy.
DO some exercise.	DON’T EAT junk food.

LISTENING SKILL - PRACTISING THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE WITH A SONG

LISTENING ACTIVITY

You are going to watch a music video in order to practise how to form the Simple Past tense of regular and irregular verbs.

Tasks:

- First, fill in the gaps with the Simple Past form of the verbs in brackets. 

- Second, check your answers when you watch the video which contains the lyrics of the song.


“THE ONE THAT GOT AWAY" by KATY PERRY

Summer after high school when we first _________________ (meet)
We ______________ (make)  out in your Mustang to Radiohead
And on my 18th birthday we ______________ (get) matching tattoos
________________ (use) to steal your parents' liquor and climb to the roof
Talk about our future like we ____________________ (have) a clue
Never _______________ (plan) that one day I'd be losing you

In another life I would be your girl
We keep all our promises, be us against the world
And in other life I would make you stay
So I don't have to say you ________________ (be) the one that _______________ (get) away
The one that ___________ (get) away!

I _______________ (be) June and you ____________ (be) my Johnny Cash
Never one without the other, we _______________ (make) a pact
Sometimes when I miss you, I put those records on, (whoa)
Someone _____________ (say) you _______________ (have) your tattoo removed
_________________ (see) you downtown singing the blues
It's time to face the music, I'm no longer your muse

In another life I would be your girl
We keep all our promises, be us against the world
And in another life, I would make you stay
So I don't have to say you ________________ (be) the one that ________________(get) away
The one that __________________ (get) away

The o-o-o-o-one   The o-o-o-o-one   The o-o-o-o-one The one that got away

All this money can't buy me a time machine, (Nooooo)
Can't replace you with a million rings, (Nooooo)
I should've told you what you _________________ (mean) to me, (whoa)
'Cause now I pay the price

In another life I would be your girl
We keep all our promises, be us against the world

And in another life, I would make you stay
So I don't have to say you ___________________ (be) the one that ____________ (get) away
The one that _______________ (get) away (TWICE)!

GRAMMAR - CONDITIONALS & I WISH / IF ONLY

FIRST CONDITIONAL

USE - TO DESCRIBE REAL AND POSSIBLE FUTURE SITUATIONS // PROMISES, THREATS.

A. IF + SUBJECT + V (PRESENT SIMPLE), SUBJECT + WILL + V.

If you reveal this secret, I won’t talk to you again.

If the Maths teacher is angry, he will scold his students.

B. SUBJECT + WILL + V +  IF + SUBJECT + V (PRESENT SIMPLE).

I won’t talk to you again if you reveal this secret.

The Maths teacher will scold his students if he is angry. 

C.  IF + SUBJECT + V (PRESENT SIMPLE), IMPERATIVE.

 If you miss the train, get the bus.

I. REPLACING “IF” WITH OTHER CONNECTORS

→ IF = AS LONG AS, PROVIDING THAT / PROVIDED THAT (formal): “siempre y cuando”, “siempre que”.

You will continue to pass the exams as long as you study every day.

 You will continue to pass the exams providing that you study every day.

- “As long as” and “providing that” are emphatic, they mean “ONLY IF”.

- Also emphatic: “EVEN IF” (“incluso si”): Even if he apologised to me, I wouldn’t forgive him.

→ IF … NOT = UNLESS

You will not pass the exams if you don’t study every day.

You will not pass the exams unless you study every day.

II. USING MODALS IN THE FIRST CONDITIONAL

- “Will” in the result clause can be replaced with modals:

1. Permission: Can. If you need to correct that exam, you can use my red pen.

2. Possibility: May, might. If you call him, he may/might come.

3. Obligation: Must. If you accept that job offer, you must leave your current job.

4. Suggestion: Should. If you are in love with Jane, you should ask her out.

SECOND CONDITIONAL

USE - TO DESCRIBE IMAGINARY PRESENT OR UNLIKELY FUTURE     SITUATION // HYPOTHETICAL FUNCTION.

A. IF + SUBJECT + V (PAST S.), SUBJECT + WOULD// COULD/ MIGHT (- probable) + V

If I won the lottery (improbable situation), I would/could/ might buy a huge house.

If Mary decided to accept that job (improbable situation), she wouldn’t inform you about it.

B.  SUBJECT + WOULD // COULD/MIGHT + V +  IF + SUBJECT + V (PAST SIMPLE)

I would/ could/ might buy a huge house if I won the lottery.

Mary wouldn’t inform you about her new job if she decided to accept it.

→  TO BE: IF I/HE/SHE/IT  +  WAS (informal) / WERE...

If I was/were older, I would buy a car.

If he was/were a good student, he wouldn’t fail all the subjects.

 → IF I WERE YOU…. (ONLY TO GIVE ADVICE)

If I were you, I would go on a diet.

If I were you, I would be more patient with your little sister.

THIRD CONDITIONAL

USE - TO DESCRIBE IMPOSSIBLE SITUATIONS BECAUSE THEY ARE PAST  EVENTS (Regret over a past action).

A. IF + SUBJECT + V (PAST PERFECT S.), SUBJECT + WOULD//COULD/MIGHT HAVE + Past Participle.

If I had listened to my parents, I would/could/might have been more successful in life.

If I had applied for that job, I would/could/might have got it.

B.  SUBJECT + WOULD// COULD/ MIGHT HAVE + Past Participle , IF + SUBJECT + PAST PERFECT SIMPLE.

I would/could/might have been more successful in life if I had listened to my parents.

I would/could/might have got that job if I had applied for it.

ATTENTION - HAD (’D) / WOULD (’D). Example: If I’d applied for that job, I’d have got it.

"WISH" / "IF ONLY"

USE – WISH FOR A CHANGE, REGRET FOR A PRESENT OR PAST SITUATION

1. WISH / IF ONLY + PAST SIMPLE/ COULD: PRESENT WISH / REGRET

I wish I had a car!   He wishes he could go on holiday. If only we were on the beach.

2.  WISH / IF ONLY + WOULD: DISATISFACTION WITH SOMEBODY’S ACTIONS (NOT OUR OWN) IN THE PRESENT

I wish he would stop talking. I wish my neighbours wouldn’t disturb me.

3. WISH / IF ONLY + PAST PERFECT SIMPLE: PAST REGRET

I wish I had studied harder at school.   If only my mother hadn’t punished me!  

                                                            SUMMARY 

I.  IF + S + V (PRESENT SIMPLE), S + WILL + V

II. IF + S + V (PAST SIMPLE), S + WOULD// COULD/ MIGHT (- probable) + V

III. IF + S + V (PAST PERFECT SIMPLE), S + WOULD//COULD/MIGHT HAVE + PP.